HED H: 373; Weeks 1985: 169-170; Kloekhorst 2008: 361. Polysemy: 'omnis / totus'. OH+. The most probable morphological analysis is ḫum-ant-, but ḫu-mant- with the adjectival suffix -want-/-mant- is also possible. The root (ḫu- or ḫum-) seems isolated within Anatolian and IE. The Luwian term for 'all' is an etymologically unclear punada/i- (C) [Melchert 1993: 178] (polysemy: 'omnis / totus'). A second Luwian candidate is an etymologically unclear tanim(m)a/i- 'all, every' (C&H) [Melchert 1993: 205]. Lycian huwedr(i) 'all (omnis)' and Milyan uwedr(i) 'all (omnis)' [Melchert 2004: 26, 134] originate from Anat. *suwadr 'fullness' (see 'full').
HW2 H: 388; HED H: 210; Kloekhorst 2008: 318. Polysemy: 'ashes / dust / soda ash / soap'. Common gender. OH+. The consonantal stem ḫass- is apparently more archaic. No cognates within Anatolian. Represents the basic Indo-Hittite term for 'ashes'.
CHD S: 253; HEG S: 893; Kloekhorst 2008: 733. Polysemy: 'belly / innards / foetus' (both of humans and animals). Common gender. OH+. The most probable morphological analysis is sarḫu-ant-, but theoretically sarḫ-want- with the adjectival suffix -want- / -mant- is also possible. The root sarḫ(u) seems isolated within Anatolian and IE (connection with Armenian argand 'womb' is phonetically problematic, according to Martirosyan, whereas Ancient Greek ὀρύГʁ [name of a play of Epicharmus], ὀρoύГʁ [Hsch.] 'sausage' could hardly be inherited). The Hittite word pantuḫa- (NH) probably does not mean 'belly', cf. the translation 'bladder (?)' in [CHD P: 95] with discussion ('belly (?)' or 'bladder (?)' in [HEG P: 418]).
Номер:5
Слово:big
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:salli-1
CHD S: 92; HEG S: 767; Weeks 1985: 164; Kloekhorst 2008: 709. Widely applicable. OH+. Double ll points to an old cluster (*ln vel sim., but hardly *lH, although discussion of speculative laryngealistic theories is irrelevant in this context). Without Anatolian cognates, but with some weak IE comparanda (Lat. salvus 'complete, intact', Ancient Greek ὅλος 'whole, complete', etc.). The Luwian (C&H) term for 'big' could be an etymologically unclear word ura/i- [Melchert 1993: 243], but it is not certain whether ura/i- denotes the generic term 'big' or only a more specific 'great'.
Номер:6
Слово:bird
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
The exact Hittite reading of the well-attested ideogram mušen 'bird' is still unclear. The traditional Hittite reading of mušen is a hapax: suwai-, common gender (see [HEG S: 1215] w. lit.), although in [Cohen 2010] it is demonstrated that the translation 'rejection (vel sim.)' for suwais fits the known context equally well (cf. more categorically in [Kloekhorst 2008: 795]). It should be noted that phonetically Hitt. suwai- is a very nice match for the basic IE term for 'bird' (with the rare, but secure correspondence Hitt. s- ~ Luw. t- ~ IE 0-). The second possible candidate is Hitt. wattai-, which is also a hapax, see [Kloekhorst 2008: 987] for detail. Hitt. wattai- seems to lack any etymological cognates. The third candidate for 'bird (in general)', Hitt. peri-, is less probable, see [CHD P: 312] and cf. [HEG P: 575].
Номер:7
Слово:bite
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:wag- ~ wakk-1
Weeks 1985: 61; Kloekhorst 2008: 939. OH+. A ḫi-conjugation verb. The nature of the consonantal alternation g (sg.) ~ kk (pl.) is not entirely clear. Further to Tocharian and Ancient Greek roots meaning 'to break, split'.
Номер:8
Слово:black
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:tankui-1
HEG T: 107; Weeks 1985: 188; Kloekhorst 2008: 829. OH+. Polysemy: 'black / dark', as it is standardly glossed. Except for the thematic vowel, regularly corresponds to Germanic *dankwa-z ~ *denkwa-z 'dark'. Cf. Luwian (C) takkui- 'black(?), dark(?)'.
HW2 H: 425; Weeks 1985: 49; HED H: 233; Kloekhorst 2008: 325. Neutral gender; paradigm: ḫastai / ḫasti-. OH+. Cognate with Luwian (C) ḫas 'bone' (although st > s is unclear) and the basic IE term for 'bone'.
Номер:11
Слово:breast
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:takk-ani-1
HEG T: 34. OH+. The same root *takk- 'breast' is contained in Hitt. takk-aliya- 'to embrace' (OH+) with a different suffix. In [Nikolaev 1985: 64] Hitt. takk-ani- 'breast' is treated as a North Caucasian loan: Proto-Nakh *dokʼ 'heart' (< Proto-North Caucasian *yĕrkʼwĭ 'heart'). This solution is phonetically attractive, but not very probable for general reasons. There is, indeed, a small number of Proto-Nakh loans in the Hittite lexicon, but it seems that all of them belong to the cultural vocabulary. We are not aware of any Hittite-Nakh contacts that would be intense enough to cause borrowing of items on the Swadesh wordlist. Cf. also an expression for 'female breast': teda-n [HEG T: 343; Kloekhorst 2008: 875], which can be a nursery word or a reduplicated formation from the IE root 'to suck'.
Номер:12
Слово:burn tr.
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:war-nu-1
Kloekhorst 2008: 924. Incorrectly glossed by Kloekhorst as 'to kindle, to set fire to'. OH+. A causative formation from ur-/war- 'to burn (intr.)'. Probably cognate with Balto-Slav. *wĭr- 'to boil, cook', Slav. *war- 'heat'. A second candidate is Hitt. same-nu-, same-siya-, but these verbs have a technical ritual meaning: 'to burn smth. for fumigation, etc.', see [CHD S: 122 ff.]. Apparently the Luwian term for 'to burn (tr.)' is the causative stem ki-nu- (used with the fire-like logogram FLAMMAE(?)), a cognate of Ancient Greek καίГq̇ 'to burn (tr.)'.
Номер:13
Слово:claw (nail)
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:sankuwai-1
CHD S: 180; HEG S: 837; Kloekhorst 2008: 723. Common gender. OH+. Cognate with Luwian (C) tammuga- 'nail (refers both to fingernails and toenails)' [Melchert 1993: 204] and the basic IE term for 'nail' with the rare, but secure correspondence Hitt. s- ~ Luw. t- ~ IE 0-. The Luw. word is indeed known from the ritual context, where nail clippings are mentioned, but Melchert’s supposition that Luwian possessed two separate terms for 'nail' and 'nail clippings' looks typologically odd.
Номер:14
Слово:cloud
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:alpa-1
HW2 A: 60; HED A: 37; Kloekhorst 2008: 169. Common gender. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and probably IE as well. The connection to Latin albus 'white', Germanic *alb- 'something white' seems semantically dubious, although possible.
Номер:15
Слово:cold
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:eg-u-na-1
HED E-I: 258; Kloekhorst 2008: 234. OH+. Derived from the noun ega- 'cold, frost, ice'. A cognate of Germanic, Celtic and Baltic words for 'icicle' and 'ice'.
Номер:16
Слово:come
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:uw=a-1
HEG U: 156; Kloekhorst 2008: 992. OH+. A mi-conjugation verb; paradigm: uw=a- / u=e-. Corresponds to Luwian (C&H) awi- 'to come'. Apparently consists of the centripetal preverb *aw- and the common IE root *ey- 'to go' (cf. the similar structure of the verb pa=i- 'to go' q.v.). Another candidate is the frequent Hitt. ḫi-conjugation verb ar- [HW2 A: 208; HED A: 108; Kloekhorst 2008: 196], but its basic meaning is rather 'to arrive (at)', not the more specific 'to come'.
Номер:17
Слово:die
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ag- ~ akk-1
HW2 A: 51; HED A: 17; Kloekhorst 2008: 167. A ḫi-conjugation verb. OH+. The nature of the consonant alternation g (sg.) ~ kk (pl.) is not entirely clear. Seems isolated within Anatolian and IE. Figuratively the verb hark- 'to get lost, lose oneself, disappear, perish' [HED H: 157; Kloekhorst 2008: 306] can also be used in the meaning 'to die', but it is not the default word for this meaning. The same concerns the verb mer- / mar- 'to disappear, to vanish' [HED M: 148; Kloekhorst 2008: 577]. In the Luwic branch 'to die' is expressed by the root *wal-: Luwian (H) wala/i- ~ wara/i- 'to die' [Melchert 1993: 250]. Thus *wel- was the basic Indo-Hittite root for 'to die', superseded by *mer- after the split of Tocharian. Hitt. ag- ~ akk- is an unclear innovation in this case.
Номер:18
Слово:dog
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written by the ideograms ur, ur.gi7. The common IE root is known from Hitt. LÚkuwan- ~ kun- 'hound-man' and Luwian (H) zwani- 'dog'.
Номер:19
Слово:drink
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:egu-1
HED E-I: 261; Kloekhorst 2008: 236. OH+. A mi-conjugation verb; paradigm: egu- / agu-. Anatolian cognates are Palaic ahu- 'to drink' and maybe Luwian (C) u- 'to drink(?)'. An IE cognate is Tocharian A & B yok- 'to drink'. After the split of Tocharian the root was lost (a possible retention may be seen in Lat. ēb-rius 'drunk').
HW2 H: 478; HED H: 247; Kloekhorst 2008: 328. OH+. A regular participial formation from the verb ḫad- 'to dry'. An IE cognate is Ancient Greek ἄζω 'to dry up'. Another candidate is Hitt. tars-ant- (a participle from the rare verb tars- 'to become dry, make dry') [HEG T: 219; Kloekhorst 2008: 848], but tars-ant- is apparently applicable exclusively to food stuff.
HED E-I: 458; Kloekhorst 2008: 411. Common gender. OH+. Apparently the onset is phonetically /st.../ with a graphical epenthesis. An Anatolian cognate is Luwian (C) tumm-ant- 'ear' [Melchert 1993: 232] (with the frequent Luwian simplification of the initial cluster st-). The root was lost in IE (connections with Ancient Greek and Avestan forms with the invariant meaning 'an organ of perception' or 'a hole in the head' are semantically unsatisfactory). The Hitt. verb istam-ass- 'to hear; to listen to' q.v. is derived from the same root.
Номер:22
Слово:earth
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:tegan1
HEG T: 292; Kloekhorst 2008: 858. Neutral gender; paradigm: tegan / takn-. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C) tiyamm(i)- 'earth', (H) takam- 'earth'. A Common IE term.
Номер:23
Слово:eat
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ed-1
HED E-I: 315; Kloekhorst 2008: 261. A mi-conjugation verb; paradigm: ed- / ad-. OH+. Cognate with Palaic ad- 'to eat', Luwian (C&H) ad- 'to eat'. A Common IE term. Cf. the Hitt. verb karap- ‘to eat (of animals), devour’ [HED K: 72; Kloekhorst 2008: 442].
Номер:24
Слово:egg
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Apparently unattested.
Номер:25
Слово:eye
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:saguwa-1
CHD S: 65; HEG S: 731; Kloekhorst 2008: 704. Neutral gender. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C&H) tawa/i- 'eye' and the basic IE term for 'eye' with the rare, but secure correspondence Hitt. s- ~ Luw. t- ~ IE 0- (although the Anatolian so-called "lenition" /gʷ/ for *kʷ requires additional investigation). The Hitt. verb saguwa-ye- 'to see, look' is derived from this term, however, it is not the main Hitt. word for 'to see' q.v.
Two Hitt. words for 'fat' compete with each other: 1) sagan; 2) app-uzzi (see below). It seems impossible to make the choice proceeding from known contexts (note that normally 'fat' is denoted by the ideogram ì), so we treat both words as synonyms. Cf. also the Hitt. root *wark-, retained in wark-ant- 'fat (adj.)', wark-ess- 'to get fat', causative wark-nu- 'to make fat' [Kloekhorst 2008: 963] (corresponds to Palaic graphical waqqak-ant- 'fat (adj.)').
CHD P: 240; Kloekhorst 2008: 658. Polysemy: 'wing / feather'. Neutral gender; heteroclitic paradigm: pVttar / pVttan-. MH. The reading of the first vowel is unclear: a or i. Isolated within Anatolian, but may correspond to the main IE term for 'feather'.
The meaning 'feather' is scantily attested, but it is the best Hitt. candidate (although in [HEG P: 538] it is not glossed as 'feather' at all). The second candidate is part-awar / part-aun- [CHD P: 198; HEG P: 508; Kloekhorst 2008: 646], whose primary meaning is 'wing', but for one MH ritual context the semantics 'feather' is sometimes suspected; in fact, however, the normal translation 'wing' also fits the discussed ḫišuwa-passage.
CHD P: 12; HEG P: 366; Kloekhorst 2008: 613. Polysemy: 'fire / campfire / embers / fever'. Neutral gender; heteroclitic paradigm: paḫḫur / paḫḫuen-. OH+. May be cognate with Luwian (C) paḫur 'fire(?)'. Corresponds to the main IE term for 'fire'.
Номер:29
Слово:fish
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written with the ideogram ku6. Concerning a sometimes proposed equation between ku6 and the hapax parḫuwaya- ~ masḫuwaya- see [CHD P: 148; HEG P: 458; Kloekhorst 2008: 635].
Номер:30
Слово:fly v.
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:pa=i- ~ uw=a-1
Ünal 1973: 34; CHD P: 19, 35, 355. In Hittite the idea of flying is normally expressed with various generic verbs of movement: pai- 'to go, go away' q.v., uwa- 'to come' q.v., ar- 'to arrive', etc., see [Ünal 1973: 34; CHD P: 19, 35, 355]. We fill the slot with pa=i- and uw=a-, both of which contain the IE root *ey- 'to go' with different directional prefixes. Cf. also the verb pittai- ~ pattai- 'to run; to flee', which is once attested in the meaning 'to fly' (said of the goddess Ištar) [CHD P: 354; Kloekhorst 2008: 655]; pittai- ~ pattai- is cognate with the main IE candidate for 'to fly'.
Номер:31
Слово:foot
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:pada-1
CHD P: 231; HEG P: 531; Kloekhorst 2008: 653. Common gender. OH+. [CHD P: 234] suspects that pada- can also denote 'leg', but note that in all cited examples the Hitt. word is concealed under the ideogram gìr. Corresponds to Luwian (C&H) pada/i- 'foot', Lycian pede/i- 'foot' and to the basic IE term for 'foot'. Cf. Hitt. ektu 'leg' [HED E-I: 260], but in known contexts this term is exclusively applied to animals. Another candidate for 'human leg' can be the Hittite (and apparently Luwian) word talla-, for which see [Pecchioli Daddi 2010].
Номер:32
Слово:full
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:suwu-1
HEG S: 1125; Kloekhorst 2008: 794. OH+. The same root is contained in Hitt. suw-a- 'to fill', Luwian (H) suw-a- 'to fill' and Palaic suw-a-ru- 'full' [Kloekhorst 2008: 796]. No reliable IE etymology.
Номер:33
Слово:give
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:pai-1
CHD P: 40; HEG P: 376; Kloekhorst 2008: 614. Polysemy: 'to give / to pay / to grant / to hand over'. A ḫi-conjugation verb; paradigm: pai- / pi-. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C) pai- 'to give', (H) pia- 'to give', Lycian piye- 'to give', Palaic iterative pi-sa- 'to give'. The IE etymology is unclear, cf. the discussion in [Kloekhorst 2008: 615].
Номер:34
Слово:good
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:assu-1
HW2 A: 492; HED A: 196; Kloekhorst 2008: 223. Polysemy: 'good / dear / favourable'. OH+. Apparently the same root is contained in the Hitt. medial verb ass- ~ ass-iya- 'to be good / loved' (corresponds to Luwian (H) aza- 'to love'). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐύГʎ 'good', Old Indian sú 'good'. The Palaic and Luwian (C) word for 'good' is unrelated wasu- [Melchert 1993: 266].
HW2 H: 12; HED H: 4; Kloekhorst 2008: 268. Apparently with polysemy: 'green / yellow'. A difficult case. First, it is not clear whether Hittite distinguishes 'green' and 'yellow' or if both color tones were denoted by one word (in accordance with the Sumerian and Akkadian strategy). Second, in almost all cases where the semantics of 'green' or 'yellow' can be suspected, the Hittite word is concealed under the Sumerograms si12 or si12.si12 (= sig7, sig7.sig7) '(to be) green-yellow, pale' or under the Akkadogram ḫaṣartu '(yellow-)green wool'. The most probable reading of si12 / si12.si12 and ḫaṣartu is Hittite *ḫaḫḫala/i-, see [HW2 H: 4], although some other paronymous adjectival formations are attested in phonetic writing with the meaning 'green / yellow': ḫaḫḫal-uwant-, ḫaḫli-want-, ḫaḫla-want- [HED H: 4; HW2 H: 12; Kloekhorst 2008: 268]. Hence also various verbs such as ḫaḫḫal-e-ske- 'to become yellow/green', ḫaḫl-aḫḫ- 'to make yellow/green', etc. All these stems are derived from the noun ḫaḫḫal / ḫaḫḫall- 'greenery, verdure, (wild) vegetation' [HW2 H: 3; HED H: 3; Kloekhorst 2008: 267], which in its turn is treated in [Nikolaev 1985: 60] as a North Caucasian loanword (NCauc. *qːĕleqĭ 'a k. of tree or bush'). Indeed, Hitt. ḫaḫḫall looks like a Fremdwort, but the proposed NCauc. source seems dubious because of the different meaning and the assumed metathesis of l, which is unattested in known NCauc. ancestral forms.
Номер:36
Слово:hair
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:teda-na-1
HEG T: 345. Polysemy: 'head hair [pl.] / a single head hair [sg.]'. Common gender. MH+. Unclear if applied to head hair only. Isolated within Anatolian and IE. Cf. isḫiya-ni- ~ isḫie-ni- 'body hair' [HED E-I: 400; Kloekhorst 2008: 392], OH+, which is traditionally treated as a deverbative from isḫiya- 'to bind; to wrap'. The Luwian term for 'head hair' is apparently tapp-ani- (C) [Melchert 1993: 206], which also lacks IE cognates.
Номер:37
Слово:hand
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kessar1
HED K: 160; Kloekhorst 2008: 471. Polysemy: 'hand / paw'. Common gender. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C) is(sa)ra/i- 'hand', (H) istra/i- 'hand', Lycian izre/i- 'hand'. Cognate with the basic IE term for 'hand'. Reliable candidates for Hitt. 'arm' seem to be unknown. Cf. isḫunau-, which can denote 'arm' or at least 'upper arm' ([Kloekhorst 2008: 395] w. lit.), but I believe that the traditional translation 'sinew' is more acceptable, especially if we suppose the polysemy 'sinew / biceps' (thus [HED E-I: 403; HED K: 321]) and further an optional shift 'biceps' > 'upper arm' as a pars pro toto construction (thus [Catsanicos 1996: 201] with typological parallels).
HW2 H: 344; HED H: 187; Kloekhorst 2008: 314. Polysemy: 'head / person / front / beginning'. Neutral gender; heteroclitic paradigm: ḫarsar / ḫarsn-. OH+. Theoretically, it is possible to analyse the Anatolian stem as suffixed *xar-s- and derive it from IE *kʸr-s- (one of two main candidates for the status of IE 'head') with irregular fricativization k > x. Other designations of 'head' in Hittite could be etymologically obscure ḫala- [HW2 H: 16; HED H: 11] and ḫuballas [HW2 H: 730; HED H: 386], but these word are very rare and certainly cannot be considered the default terms. The Luwian term for 'head' is ḫarmaḫa/i- (C) [Melchert 1993: 58], which may contain the same root as in Hitt. ḫar(-)s-ar, e.g., if we suppose consonant cluster simplification after the addition of the suffix -m-.
Номер:39
Слово:hear
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:istam-ass-1
HED E-I: 452; Kloekhorst 2008: 412. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen to / to perceive'. A mi-conjugation verb. OH+. The same root is contained in the Hitt. noun istam-ana- 'ear' q.v., although morphological details are not so clear. Theoretically both istam-ass- and istam-ana- can be independently derived from the root *stam- with different suffixes. An alternative and more tenable solution is to treat istam-ass- as a denominal formation < istam-an-s- (thus [Kloekhorst 2008: 413]), but it should be noted that, cross-linguistically, the semantic derivation 'ear' > 'to hear' is, surprisingly, very rare. Nevertheless, the paronymous Luwian (C) verb for 'to hear', tummant-iya-, represents the morphologically unquestionable derivation from tumm-ant- 'ear' q.v.
Номер:40
Слово:heart
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kart-1
HED K: 189; Kloekhorst 2008: 469. Polysemy: 'heart / center'. Neutral gender; paradigm: kir (< kert#) / kart- / kart-i-. OH+. Cognate with Palaic kart- 'heart', Luwian (C&H) zart- 'heart'. Corresponds to the basic IE term for 'heart'.
Номер:41
Слово:horn
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:karaw-ar1
HED K: 77; Kloekhorst 2008: 446. Neutral gender; heteroclitic paradigm: karawar / karaun-. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian zuran- (H) 'horn', Luwian adj. zarwani(ya)- (C) 'of a horn' and to the basic IE term for 'horn'. Distinct from a Hitt. terminus technicus 'hunting horn; drinking horn': sawitra-, sawadar [CHD S: 317; HEG S: 961; Kloekhorst 2008: 740] (without etymology).
Номер:42
Слово:I1
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:uk1
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 134; HEG U: 21; Kloekhorst 2008: 112, 912. Direct stem. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but corresponds to the IE 1st p. sg. pronoun. The u-vocalism in Hitt. is probably under the influence of the oblique stem of the 2nd p. sg. pronoun tu- 'thee' (q.v.), although paradigmatically it is somewhat problematic. The Hitt. suppletive paradigm of the 2nd p. sg. pronoun is nom. zik (< *tik), acc.-dat. tuk, thus, u may initially have penetrated into acc.-dat. ammuk 'me' and from there spread onto the direct stem uk.
Номер:42
Слово:I2
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:amm-2
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 134; Kloekhorst 2008: 112, 912. Oblique stem. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (H) amu 'I, me', Lydian amu 'I, me', Lycian ẽmu 'I', em- / ẽm- 'me', where the old direct stem was superseded by the oblique one. A cognate of the IE oblique stem in m-, although the Anatolian prothetic vowel is unclear. The double -mm- is not entirely clear either (< *mn?).
Номер:43
Слово:kill
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kuen-1
HED K: 206; Kloekhorst 2008: 485. Polysemy: 'to kill / to slay / to ruin'. A mi-conjugation verb; paradigm: kuen- / kun-. OH+. Its Luwian (H) correspondence can be seen in the scribe title kwananala-, literally 'engraver'. The basic Indo-Hittite root for 'to kill'.
Номер:44
Слово:knee
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kenu ~ kanu1
HED K: 146; Kloekhorst 2008: 467. Polysemy: 'knee / penis, loins'. Neutral gender. OH+. Cognate with Palaic kinu 'penis' [Eichner 2010: 52]. Represents the basic IE term for 'knee'.
Номер:45
Слово:know
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:sakk-1
CHD S: 21; HEG S: 709; Kloekhorst 2008: 695. Polysemy: 'to know (about) / to experience / to pay attention to / to recognize / to remember / to be expert in / to be acquainted with'. A ḫi-conjugation verb; paradigm: sakk- / sekk-. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian. An IE comparandum may be seen in Lat. sciō 'to know', but semantic shifts between various verbs of knowing in IE languages require additional investigation. Cf. also Hitt. kan-ess- 'to know, recognize, acknowledge; to honor' [HED K: 42; Kloekhorst 2008: 434], likewise isolated within Anatolian, but with secure IE cognates. In Luwian the verb 'to know' is an etymologically obscure stem uni- (H and maybe C) [Melchert 1993: 241].
Номер:46
Слово:leaf
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:parstu-1
CHD P: 190; Kloekhorst 2008: 645. Polysemy: 'leaf / foliage'. Common gender. OH+. [HEG P: 446] incorrectly glosses it as 'bud, shoot'. Isolated within Anatolian and apparently IE. Luwian (H) tarsa- means rather 'shoots', not 'leaf'.
Номер:47
Слово:lie
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ki-1
HED K: 169; Kloekhorst 2008: 473. A medial verb. OH+. Applied both to humans and things. Corresponds to Palaic ki- 'to lie', Luwian (C) zi- 'to lie'. Cognate with the main IE candidate for 'to lie'.
Номер:48
Слово:liver
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:lessi1
CHD L-N: 72; HED L: 97; HEG L-M: 54; Kloekhorst 2008: 525. Neutral gender. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and, apparently, IE. The Palaic term for 'liver' is etymologically unclear pannu- [Eichner 2010: 52].
Номер:49
Слово:long
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:talugi-1
HEG T: 61; Kloekhorst 2008: 819. Polysemy: 'long (spatial) / long (temporal)'. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but corresponds to the basic IE term for 'long'. In Luwian 'long (spatial/temporal)' is expressed by an etymologically obscure stem array(a)- (C) [Melchert 1993: 26], a+ra/i- ~ ara/i (H).
Номер:50
Слово:louse
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Not attested.
Номер:51
Слово:man
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:pesan-1
CHD P: 324; HEG P: 585; Kloekhorst 2008: 670. Common gender; paradigm: pesan- / pisen- / pesn-. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but corresponds to Lat. pēnis 'penis' and other terms for male genitalia. In Luwian the word for 'man' is an etymologically obscure stem zida/i- (C) [Melchert 1993: 284].
Номер:52
Слово:many
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:mekk-i1
CHD L-M: 245; HED M: 119; HEG L-M: 181; Kloekhorst 2008: 572. OH+. The word mekk- ~ mekki- is an adjective with the meaning 'much, many, numerous, plentiful', but nom.-acc. sg. n. mekki can also be used adverbially with polysemy: 'many / much'. The Luwian word for 'many, much' is ma (H), which may etymologically correspond to the Hitt. stem, see [van den Hout 2010: 239]. Cognate with Ancient Greek μέγας 'big', Old Indian máhi 'big', etc., but the correspondence Hittite voiceless velar -kk- ~ Ancient Greek -γ- ~ Old Indian h is irregular.
Номер:53
Слово:meat
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written with the ideogram uzu.
Номер:54
Слово:moon
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:arma-1
HW2 A: 313; HED A: 151; Kloekhorst 2008: 206. Polysemy: 'moon / Moon-deity / month'. Common gender. OH+. The Hitt. word arma- is always concealed under ideograms (den.zu, itu, itu.kam, dsîn), but can be safely revealed with the help of phonetical complements, rebus writings and various derivatives. A Common Anatolian term (Lycian arm̃ma- 'moon', etc.), but further etymology is uncertain.
Номер:55
Слово:mountain
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written with the ideogram ḫur.sag. The Luwian term for 'mountain' is probably *ariyatt(i)- (literally 'elevation'), see [Melchert 1993: 27].
Номер:56
Слово:mouth
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ayis1
HW2 A: 48; HED A: 15; Kloekhorst 2008: 166. Neutral gender; paradigm: ayis / iss-. OH+. A cognate of Luwian (C) aas- 'mouth'. Corresponds to Indo-Iranian, Latin, etc. words for 'mouth', therefore represents the basic Indo-Hittite term for 'mouth'.
Номер:57
Слово:name
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:laman1
CHD L-N: 31; HED L: 51; HEG L-M: 27; Kloekhorst 2008: 517. Polysemy: 'name / reputation'. Neutral gender; paradigm: laman / lamn-. OH+. Cognate with Luwian (H) alaman- 'name', Lycian alaman- 'name'. One of the most stable IE words.
Номер:58
Слово:neck
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kuwatt-ar1
HED K: 313. Polysemy: 'neck / nape of the neck, scruff / top of shoulders / mainstay, support'. Neutral gender; heteroclitic paradigm: kuwattar ~ kuttar / kuttan-. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and IE. Cf. the Palaic word kassu- or kassud- 'neck(??)' [Eichner 2010: 52-53].
Номер:59
Слово:new
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:newa-1
CHD L-N: 455; HED N: 95; HEG N: 320; Kloekhorst 2008: 605. Polysemy: 'new / fresh'. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C) nawa/i- 'new'. One of the most stable IE words.
Номер:60
Слово:night
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ispant-1
HED E-I: 431; Kloekhorst 2008: 404. Common gender. OH+. Apparently the onset is phonetically /sp.../ with a graphical epenthesis. Should be analyzed as sp-ant- with the common suffix -ant-. The Hitt. root is cognate with the Indo-Iranian term for 'night': Old Indian kṣáp- 'night', Avestan xšapan- / xšafn- 'night' < IE *ksep- / *ksp- with cluster simplification in Hittite. The Common IE term for 'night', *negʰʷ-t- > *nekʷ-t-, corresponds to Hitt. negu-t- 'evening, nightfall', derived from the Hitt. verb negu- 'to become evening' [CHD L-N: 432; HED N: 79; HEG N: 302; Kloekhorst 2008: 602]; it should be noted that the plain root without the t-suffix is also retained in some Ancient Greek forms, but with the semantics of 'night' rather than 'evening, dusk'.
HEG T: 393. Polysemy: 'nose / muzzle'. Probably common gender. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, etymologically obscure.
Номер:62
Слово:not
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:na-tta1
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 341; CHD L-N: 409; HED N: 68; HEG N: 284; Kloekhorst 2008: 597. OH+. Negation of assertion. Corresponds to the main negations of assertion in the rest of Anatolian: Palaic ni, nit, Luwian nawa (C&H), na (H), Lydian ni, nit, Lycian ne. The Hittite form apparently contains the basic IE negative morpheme *ne, although Hitt. na- (for the expected **ne-/ni-) suggests the proto-form *no. For the prohibitive negation the Hittite particle le is used (OH+) [Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 344]; the latter lacks Anatolian and IE cognates (a sometimes proposed connection to the same IE *ne is unjustified). The Luwian prohibitive negation is ni-s, latter ni (H).
Номер:63
Слово:one
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:si- ~ sia-1
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 154; Kloekhorst 2008: 750. OH+. Apparently corresponds to the Tocharian numeral (as per G.-J. Pinault), lost in the IE languages after the split of Tocharian (although cf. also Ancient Greek ἴα fem. 'one'). Originally could be derived from the IE pronominal demonstrative stem *so-, fem. *sā/sī, cf. especially the Old Indian variant syá, fem. syā́ 'jener, der'. Note that the semantic shift 'this' > '1' is quite common cross-linguistically, but apparently not vice versa. The IE root oy- can be theoretically seen in Hitt. anki 'once', ant- 'equal', Luwian (C) ayawala 'equal'.
HW2 A: 109; HED A: 79; Kloekhorst 2008: 188. Common gender; original paradigm is probably antuwaḫḫas / antuḫs-. Isolated within Anatolian. It is likely that this stem should be analyzed as an archaic formation an-tuwaḫḫ- '(having) breath inside'. Anatomical terms ḫarsar 'head' q.v. and twekk- 'body' can also be used in the meaning 'person'.
Номер:65
Слово:rain
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:xeyu- {ḫeyu-}1
HED H: 301; Kloekhorst 2008: 340. Common gender. OH+. This stem looks archaic, but it is isolated within Anatolian and IE.
Номер:66
Слово:red
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written with the ideogram sa5. The main candidate for the phonetical reading of sa5 is Hitt. mida- ~ midi- ~ mitta- [CHD L-N: 301; HED M: 165; HEG L-M: 218; Kloekhorst 2008: 583], but in all known examples mida- refers only to wool, but not to other objects, so it may be suspected that mida- represents some terminus technicus and not a generic word for 'red'.
Номер:67
Слово:road
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:palsa-1
CHD P: 69; HEG P: 398; Kloekhorst 2008: 621. Polysemy: 'road / path / trail / campaign, military expedition / journey / caravan / time (occasion, occurrence)'. Common gender. OH+. Cognate with Luwian pars- (H) 'time (occasion, occurrence)', if the translation is correct. Isolated within IE. The Luwian word for 'road' is ḫaruwa- (C) [Kloekhorst 2008: 317] (occasionally borrowed into Hittite), which is likewise isolated within Anatolian and IE (note that Luwian ḫaruwa- resembles the Hurro-Urartian term for 'road': ḫari, as well as Akkadian ḫarrānu 'road; journey').
HEG S: 1209; Kloekhorst 2008: 792. Common gender. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and IE.
Номер:69
Слово:round
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Not attested.
Номер:70
Слово:sand
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Not attested. May be written by the ideogram saḫar.ḫi.a.
Номер:71
Слово:say
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:te-1
HED T: 140, 291; Kloekhorst 2008: 857, 870.
There are two closely synonymous verbs 'to say' in archaic Hittite:
1) te- / tar-. A mi-conjugation verb with a suppletive paradigm: te- [sg.] / tar [pl.]. OH+. The first root te- is a cognate of Slavic *dē- 'to say' (obviously to be separated from the Common IE root for 'to put, lay'); the second root tar- must be compared with Baltic *tar- 'to pronounce' and other IE forms of expressive saying (including Palaic tar-ta- 'curse', Luwian (H) ta-tar-iya 'to curse' etc.).
2) mema-. A ḫi-conjugation verb. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and IE.
In latter compositions te- / tar- is beeing superseded by mema-, which becomes the only default verbum dicendi in New Hittite [CHD L-N: 263].
The Luwian verb for 'to say' is asaza- (H) [Kloekhorst 2008: 166], probably derived from *as- 'mouth' q.v., but it should be noted that the semantic derivation 'mouth' > 'to say' is surprisingly rare, cross-linguistically.
HED A: 234; HEG U: 5, 116; Kloekhorst 2008: 227. Polysemy: 'to see / to look / to watch / to read'. A ḫi-conjugation verb (stem au-/u-) as well as a mi-conjugation verb (stem au-s-). OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C) awa 'behold!' and to an IE root of perception: Ancient Greek ἀΐω 'to perceive (i.e. to hear, to see)', Old Indian āvíṣ 'evidently, before the eyes'. Another candidate is the Hitt. verb saguwa-ye- (derived from the noun saguwa- 'eye' q.v.), but its meaning is rather 'to have the faculty of sight' and 'to look', see [CHD S: 55]. The Luwian term for 'to see' is apparently mana- (C) [Melchert 1993: 135] (polysemy: 'to look at / to see / to experience').
Номер:73
Слово:seed
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written by the ideogram numun.
Номер:74
Слово:sit
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:es-1
HED E-I: 291; Kloekhorst 2008: 252. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to reside / to settle, inhabit [trans.]'. Normally a medial verb; paradigm: es- / as-. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (H) as- 'to be seated, to dwell', etc. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἡσ- 'to sit; to stay' (the aspiration remains unclear), Indo-Iranian *ās- 'to sit; to dwell'.
Номер:75
Слово:skin
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown. One possible candidate is an etymologically obscure stem miluli- ~ maluli- [CHD L-N: 253; HED M: 124; HEG L-M: 210], but its exact translation is uncertain. Cf. a word for 'hide': kursa- [HED K: 270].
Номер:76
Слово:sleep
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:supp-1
HEG S: 1175; Kloekhorst 2008: 787. Medial or active (mi-conjugation) voice. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but represents the basic Indo-Hittite term. The second Hittite candidate is ses- / sas- [HEG S: 1005; Kloekhorst 2008: 746] (mi-conjugation verb, OH+), but its underlying meaning is rather 'to rest' than 'to sleep' proper. Hitt. ses- is also isolated within Anatolian, but corresponds to Indo-Iranic *sas- 'to sleep'.
Номер:77
Слово:small
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kappi-1
HED K: 61; Kloekhorst 2008: 439. OH+. A difficult case, because normally 'small, little' is written with the ideogram tur. We know three Hittite adjectives that can aspire to the status of this generic term. Out of these, kappi- seems to be the main candidate. Hitt. kappi- is probably the default reading of the ideogram tur; in phonetic writing it is applicable both to inanimate and animate objects. A possible Anatolian cognate is Lydian καμβειν 'grandchild', but it is not obligatory. Seems to lack reliable IE etymology.
The second candidate is Hitt. amiy-ant- ~ ammiy-ant- [HED A: 47; HW2 A: 66; Kloekhorst 2008: 171], OH+, but it seems that originally this adjective may have referred to animate objects only, although in NH am(m)iy-ant- is also applicable to inanimate objects. Traditionally am(m)iy-ant- is regarded as IE negative *n plus the participle of the Hittite verb mai- / miya- 'to grow' (lit. 'non-grown').
The third adjective is tebu- 'little, few', adv. tebu 'a few' [HEG T: 311; Kloekhorst 2008: 869], OH+, but its meaning is more likely to be closer to Eng. 'few, a few'. Apparently a cognate of Old Indian dabh-rá- 'little, small, deficient'.
HEG T: 417; Kloekhorst 2008: 895. Common gender; paradigmatically: tVḫḫui- and tVḫḫuwai-. OH+. The reading of the first vowel is unclear: a or u. Isolated within Anatolian, although represents the basic Indo-Hittite root for 'to smoke (vb.); smoke (n.)'. It is claimed in [Kloekhorst 2008: 886] that the rare and semantically obscure Hitt. verb tuḫḫai- means 'to produce smoke', but it still seems uncertain.
Номер:79
Слово:stand
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ar-1
HW2 A: 194; HED A: 104; Kloekhorst 2008: 195. Polysemy: 'to stand / to be present, occur'. A medial verb. OH+. Applicable to both animate and inanimate subjects. Isolated within Anatolian and IE (IE *er- 'to move' corresponds to Hitt. ar- 'to arrive'). Cf. the Hitt. verb tiya- 'to step, go stand, place oneself' [HEG T: 357; Kloekhorst 2008: 879] (apparently corresponds to Luwian (C&H) ta- 'to come to stand').
HW2 H: 434; HED H: 238; Kloekhorst 2008: 326. A hapax (the word is normally written by the ideogram mul). Isolated within Anatolian, but reflects the basic Indo-Hittite term for 'star'.
Номер:81
Слово:stone
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written by the ideogram na4. Hitt. agu- is traditionally translated as 'stone' [HW2 A: 53; HED A: 24], but, in fact, the meaning 'seashell' seems more probable [CHD P: 73, 207; Kloekhorst 2008: 168]. Cf. also passi-la-, whose basic meaning is 'small stone, pebble' [CHD P: 206; HEG P: 520; Kloekhorst 2008: 650]. The term for 'stone' is, however, attested in Luwian: asu- {á-su-} (H) 'stone' [Payne 2010: 144], which seems isolated within Anatolian and IE (phonetically, it cannot correspond to Hittite agu-).
HED E-I: 465. Polysemy: 'sun / Sun-god(dess) / majesty'. In Anatolian and Mesopotamian traditions the word for 'sun' is syncretized with names of the Sun deity. Hittite istanu- ~ astanu- is borrowed from Hattian estan / astan 'sun; Sun-goddess'. In other Anatolian languages we observe stems that correspond to Hitt. siwatt- 'day': Palaic tiyatt- (or tiyad-) 'Sun deity', Luwian tiwad- (C), tiwad(i)- (H) 'Sun deity' [Kloekhorst 2008: 766], derived from the IE root *dyew- 'day-lit sky, sky-god'.
Номер:83
Слово:swim
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Not attested. As noted in [Ünal 1973: 34], the verbs applied to water-snakes are pai- 'to go, go away' q.v. and uwa- 'to come' q.v., identical to the situation with expressions for 'to fly' q.v. Cf. also pai- in the meaning 'to go across the sea (said of persons)' [CHD P: 33].
Номер:84
Слово:tail
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written by the ideogram kun. A very probable candidate for the reading of kun in Hittite is the etymologically obscure sisai [HEG S: 1008; Kloekhorst 2008: 757], but we prefer to leave the slot empty.
Номер:85
Слово:that
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:aba-1
HW2 A: 130; HED A: 86; Kloekhorst 2008: 191; Melchert 2009. Polysemy: 'that; he, she, it'. OH+. As noted in [Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 142 ff.], the Hittite deictic system is ternary. It can be summarized as follows: ka- 'this' ~ aba- 'that (concerning the addressee)' ~ suppletive asi / uni / ini / ed- 'that (far or concerning the 3rd p.)'. The basic Hittite opposition is, however, binary: ka- 'this' ~ aba- 'that', because the third member (asi / uni / ini / ed-) is very rarely used in the available Hittite texts.
Various historical scenarios of the development of the deictic system in Anatolian languages are discussed in Melchert 2009. I suppose that the binary system is the most probable solution for Proto-Anatolian (*kʸa- vs. *aba-). Hittite is the only language, for which a ternary system is attested. The third member of the Hittite system (suppletive asi / uni / ini / ed- 'that (far or concerning the 3rd p.)') looks like a historical compound of some deictic morpheme a- + pronominal endings + some deictic clitic -i [Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 145; Kloekhorst 2008: 191: 220]. It seems that this paradigm is an inner Hittite innovation, whose structure was clear to the Proto-Hittite speakers, but it underwent some levellings after the paradigms of the basic deictic pronouns ka- and aba-.
Data of other Anatolian languages is summed up in [Melchert 2009]. The Luwian binary system etymologically coincides with the Hittite one: (C&H) za- 'this' ~ (H, prob. C) aba- 'that; he, she, it'. This fact makes the Proto-Anatolian reconstruction *kʸa- 'this' vs. *aba- 'that' possible. In Palaic the pronoun ka- retains its original meaning 'this'; far deixis 'that' can be expressed by morphologically unclear anni-, although it is not certain; Palaic aba- is attested in the function 'that (anaphoric)' only. Lydian introduces es/eš 'this' for near deixis (apparently es is the nominative form of the common gender, eš- - the oblique stem), which resembles Hittite nom. asi 'that (far)', although if the nominative is indeed es, not eš, it should go back to something like *as, not *as-i. [Melchert 2009] also proposes that Lydian oš can mean 'that', but it is not certain. It is interesting (although typologically normal) that in Lycian *aba- shifted into near deixis (Lycian ebe 'this'); far deictic pronouns are unattested in Lycian.
Anatolian *aba- 'that' remains without an unequivocal IE etymology, although some monophonemic connections are possible.
Номер:86
Слово:this
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ka-1
HED K: 3; Kloekhorst 2008: 425. OH+. See notes on 'that'. A reliable Proto-Anatolian cognate for the IE proximal demonstrative.
Номер:87
Слово:thou1
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:cik {zik}1
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 134; Kloekhorst 2008: 112, 1035. Direct stem. OH+. Regularly originates from *ti-k and corresponds to the direct stems of the 2nd p. sg. pronoun in the rest of Anatolian: Palaic ti, Luwian (C&H) ti. The final -k in Hittite is probably under the influence of the 1st sg. pronoun uk 'I' q.v. The Indo-Hittite direct stem *ti was totally superseded by the oblique *tu after the split of Anatolian.
Номер:87
Слово:thou2
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:tu-2
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 134; Kloekhorst 2008: 112, 1035. Oblique stem. OH+. Corresponds to the oblique stems of the 2nd p. sg. pronoun in the rest of Anatolian: Palaic tu, Luwian (H) tu. A cognate of IE *tu- 'thou, thee'.
Номер:88
Слово:tongue
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:lala-1
CHD L-N: 21; HEG L-M: 19; HED L: 40; Kloekhorst 2008: 515. Polysemy: 'tongue / speech / blade'. Common gender. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C) lala/i- with polysemy: 'tongue / gossip'. Without IE etymology. Apparently nursery or onomatopoeic.
Номер:89
Слово:tooth
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kaga-1
HED K: 14; Kloekhorst 2008: 427. Common gender. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian and, apparently, IE.
Номер:90
Слово:tree
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:taru1
HEG T: 230; Kloekhorst 2008: 849. Polysemy: 'tree / wood' (in [Kloekhorst 2008: 849] incorrectly glossed as 'wood' only). Neutral gender. OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (C) taru 'wood'. The basic Indo-Hittite term for 'tree', although the meaning shift to 'wood' occurred in many languages.
Номер:91
Слово:two
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:ta-1
HEG T: 5, 89; Kloekhorst 2008: 826. Normally written with an ideogram; nevertheless, the Hittite reading ta- can be securely revealed. Cognate with Luwian (H) twa/i- '2', Lycian kbi '2', Milyan tbi-su 'twice'. Corresponds to the basic IE root for '2' (although the Hittite development *dw > T is surprising). The same root is retained in the Hittite title LÚduy-analli- 'second in rank' [HEG T: 422; Kloekhorst 2008: 895].
Номер:92
Слово:walk (go)
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:iya- ~ pa=i-1
HED E-I: 330; CHD P: 18; HEG P: 371; Kloekhorst 2008: 380, 616. A medial verb (iya-) as well as a mi-conjugation verb (pa=i-). Both OH+. Corresponds to Luwian (H) pa- 'to go'. The plain stem iya- is cognate with IE *ey- 'to go', whereas pa=i- contains the centrifugal preverb *pV- and the same IE *ey- (cf. the similar structure of the verb uw=a- 'to come' q.v.). Apparently the original meaning of pa=i- was 'to go away', but in attested Hittite sources both verbs iya- and pa=i- are close synonyms with the generic meaning 'to go, walk'.
Номер:93
Слово:warm (hot)
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:a-ant-1
HW2 A: 44; HED A: 10; Kloekhorst 2008: 164. OH+. A regular participle from the verb ay- 'to be hot / warm'. It is unclear whether a-ant- denotes 'warm' only, or both 'warm' and 'hot' (other reliable candidates for Hitt. 'hot' are, however, unknown). Isolated within Anatolian and IE. Cf. Palaic ḫa- 'to be warm'.
Номер:94
Слово:water
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:wad-ar1
Kloekhorst 2008: 987. Neutral gender; heteroclitic paradigm: wadar / widen-. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but corresponds to the basic IE term for 'water' (including Tocharian *wǝr 'water'). Differently in Luwian, where the word for 'water' is war (C) [Melchert 1993: 257], which cannot phonetically correspond to the Hittite stem. The Luwian form is cognate with Old Indian vār 'fine rain' etc.
Номер:95
Слово:we1
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:wes1
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 134; Kloekhorst 2008: 115, 1004. Direct stem. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but corresponds to the IE direct stem 'we'.
Номер:95
Слово:we2
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:anc- {anz-}2
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 134; Kloekhorst 2008: 115, 1004. Oblique stem. OH+. Corresponds to the Luwian oblique stem anz- (C&H). Originates from the Indo-Hittite oblique stem *ns- 'us'.
Номер:96
Слово:what
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kui-1
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 149; HED K: 218; Kloekhorst 2008: 488. OH+. See notes on 'who'.
HW2 H: 307; HED H: 169; Kloekhorst 2008: 307. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but represents the main Indo-Hittite term for 'white'.
Номер:98
Слово:who
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:kui-1
Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 149; HED K: 218; Kloekhorst 2008: 488. Polysemy: 'who (interrogative) / what (interrogative) / who (relative) / what (relative)'. OH+. Cognate with Palaic & Luwian (C) kui- 'who; what' (interrog. and rel. pronouns). Corresponds to the basic IE interrogative-relative root.
Номер:99
Слово:woman
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written with the ideogram munus. On the widely discussed possibility of kuin- and kuwan- as a reading of munus see [HED K: 306; Kloekhorst 2008: 501] w. lit. However, this Indo-Hittite term is securely attested in Luwian wana- (C&H) 'woman' and Lydian kana- 'wife'.
HED H: 4; HW2 H: 12; Kloekhorst 2008: 268. Apparently, with polysemy: 'green / yellow'. See notes on 'green'.
Номер:101
Слово:far
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:tuwa1
HEG T: 486; Kloekhorst 2008: 904. The adverb tuwa seems to be attested exclusively in NH texts, but various derivatives known from more archaic compositions prove its antiquity. Isolated within Anatolian, but may correspond to Old Indian dūrám 'far away', dūrát 'from afar', etc.
Номер:102
Слово:heavy
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:tassu-1
HEG T: 259; Kloekhorst 2008: 853. Polysemy: 'strong, powerful / heavy / well-fed / difficult / important'. In the specific meaning 'heavy' MH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but may be a cognate of Ancient Greek δᾰσύς 'thickly wooded', Latin dēnsus 'dense' despite semantic difficulties.
Номер:103
Слово:near
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:maninkuwan1
CHD L-N: 171; HED M: 52; Kloekhorst 2008: 554. OH+. Nom.-acc. sg. n. from the adjective maninkuwant- 'short' q.v. Morphologically unclear. Without IE etymology.
Номер:104
Слово:salt
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written by the ideogram mun.
Номер:105
Слово:short
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:maninkuwant-1
CHD L-N: 173; HED M: 52; HEG L-M: 123; Kloekhorst 2008: 554. Polysemy: 'short (spatial) / short (temporal) / low / close'. OH+. The same stem as 'near' q.v. Corresponds to Luwian (C) mannakuna/i- 'short'. Morphologically unclear. Without IE etymology.
HED E-I: 358; Kloekhorst 2008: 384. We tentatively fill the slot by the word illuyanka- (with various variants [HED E-I: 358; Kloekhorst 2008: 384]), although it is not quite certain. ‘Snake’ is normally written by the ideogram muš in Hittite texts; in its turn the phonetical writing illuyanka- seems occur exclusively in mythological compositions, where it normally denotes a chthonic monster (‘Serpent’ and ‘(Sea-)dragon’). However, at least in the myth about the Sun god, the Cow and the Fisherman the plural form elliyankus is apparently used for snakes in general.
J. Katz’s etymology, analyzing illuyanka- as a composite of Germanic *ēla-z ‘eel’ + IE angʷʰi- ‘snake’ (may be a basic term for ‘snake’ in Narrow IE), is formally possible, but seems too factitious. In all likelihood illuyanka- ~ illiyanku- represents a substrate term, although the exact source is unknown (Hattian?).
Номер:107
Слово:thin
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Unknown, normally written by the ideogram sig. Cf. makl-ant- 'thin, emaciated (of animals)' [CHD L-N: 121; HEG L-M: 98; Kloekhorst 2008: 544].
HED H: 428; Kloekhorst 2008: 368. Common gender. OH+. Isolated within Anatolian, but goes back to the Common Indo-Hittite deverbal term for 'wind'.
Номер:109
Слово:worm
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:
Not attested.
Номер:110
Слово:year
\1:Hittite (Old)\2:Древнехеттский:witt-1
Kloekhorst 2008: 1014. Common gender. OH+. Theoretically may correspond to Luwian ussa/i- (C&H) 'year', although phonetical details are not entirely clear. Cognate with Ancient Greek Fέτος 'year', etc.
